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Chemistry · CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

हिन्दी

Why is hybridization involving \( 3p \), \( 3d \), and \( 4s \) orbitals not possible in third-period elements, despite the energy of \( 3d \) orbitals being comparable to both \( 3s, 3p \) and \( 4s, 4p \)?

  1. Because the \( 3d \) orbitals have too high azimuthal quantum numbers
  2. Because electron promotion from \( 3p \) directly into \( 4s \) is spin-forbidden
  3. Because \( 4s \) orbitals cannot participate in any hybridization scheme
  4. Because the difference in energies of \( 3p \) and \( 4s \) orbitals is significant

Correct answer · Option 4

Because the difference in energies of \( 3p \) and \( 4s \) orbitals is significant

Explanation

Hybridization requires participating orbitals to have comparable energies; the large energy gap between 3p and 4s prevents their simultaneous hybridization with 3d.
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