Biology · Principles and Processes in Biotechnology

Among the two core techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology, 'Genetic engineering' primarily involves:

1. Maintenance of sterile ambience in chemical engineering processes to grow desired microbes
2. Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA) and introduce them into host organisms
3. Traditional hybridisation procedures used in plant and animal breeding
4. Large-scale extraction of antibiotics and vaccines from natural soil samples