Biology · PLANT KINGDOM

Why is the spread of living pteridophytes restricted to narrow, cool, damp, and shady geographical regions?

1. Prothallus growth requires cool, damp places and water is indispensable for antherozoid transfer during fertilization.
2. They produce seeds that require submerged aquatic conditions for germination.
3. They lack chlorophyll and require shaded environments for saprophytic nutrition.
4. Their sporophytic body cannot withstand exposure to light due to absence of cuticle.