Chemistry · THERMODYNAMICS

Refer to the bomb calorimeter apparatus shown in the figure used for combustion reactions. Under what operational condition does this calorimetric measurement proceed, and which thermodynamic quantity is directly measured?

1. A
   Constant pressure; ΔH is directly measured because w = -pΔV
2. B
   Constant temperature; ΔG is directly measured because ΔT = 0
3. C
   Constant volume; ΔU is directly measured because w = 0 as ΔV = 0
4. D
   \( Constant volume; ΔH is directly measured because q_v = ΔH \)