Chemistry · CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Why is hybridization involving \( 3p \), \( 3d \), and \( 4s \) orbitals not possible in third-period elements, despite the energy of \( 3d \) orbitals being comparable to both \( 3s, 3p \) and \( 4s, 4p \)?

1. A
   Because the \( 3d \) orbitals have too high azimuthal quantum numbers
2. B
   Because electron promotion from \( 3p \) directly into \( 4s \) is spin-forbidden
3. C
   Because \( 4s \) orbitals cannot participate in any hybridization scheme
4. D
   Because the difference in energies of \( 3p \) and \( 4s \) orbitals is significant